caused climate change signal emerges from the noise
The globe on the left displays the atmospheric temperature changes simulated by Vibram Five Fingers Australia a computer model developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. The globe on the right shows satellite estimates of temperature change produced by scientists at Remote Sensing Systems in Santa Rosa, Calif. As the two globes rotate, the temperature changes are visible in three different atmospheric layers. The outermost layer is the lower stratosphere. The middle layer is the mid to upper troposphere and the innermost layer is the lower troposphere. Blue colors indicate cooling; red colors denote warming. As human activities Jeremy Scott Wings Easy Five Shoes change the chemical composition of the atmosphere, increasing the levels of well mixed greenhouse gases and depleting stratospheric ozone, the stratosphere cools and the troposphere Buy Cheap Ghd Australia warms. The maximum cooling of the stratosphere occurs at the location of the Antarctic ozone hole. Because both globes are resting on a virtual mirror, the viewer sees not only the temperature changes over the Northern Hemisphere, but also the behavior of Louboutin Pigalle 120 temperature in the atmosphere over Antarctica.
Credit: Image courtesy of DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
The team looked at geographical patterns of atmospheric temperature change over the period of satellite observations. The team's goal of the study was to determine whether previous findings of a "discernible human influence" on tropospheric and stratospheric temperature were sensitive to current uncertainties in climate models and satellite data.
The troposphere is the lowest portion of earth's atmosphere. The stratosphere sits just above the troposphere, between 6 and 30 miles above earth's surface.
The satellite temperature data sets were produced by three different research groups, and rely on measurements of the microwave emissions of oxygen molecules. Each group made different choices in processing these raw measurements, and in accounting for such complex effects as drifts in satellite orbits and in instrument calibrations.
The new climate model simulations analyzed Louboutin Pigalle 100 by the team will form the scientific backbone of Adidas Wings Australia the upcoming 5th assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is due out in 2014.
In both satellite observations and the computer model simulations of historical climate change, the lower stratosphere cools markedly over the past 33 years. This cooling is primarily a response to the human caused depletion of stratospheric ozone. The observations and model simulations also show a common pattern of large scale warming of the lower troposphere, with largest warming over the Arctic, and muted warming (or even cooling) over Antarctica. Tropospheric warming is mainly driven by human caused increases in well mixed greenhouse gases. 29 online edition of the journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"No known mode of natural climate variability can cause sustained, global scale warming of the troposphere and cooling of the lower stratosphere."
The team analyzed results from climate model simulations with specified historical changes in human and natural external factors, and from simulations with projected 21st century changes in greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols. They also looked at simulations with no changes in external influences on climate, which provide information on the year to year and decade to decade "noise" of internal climate variability, arising from such natural phenomena as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
The team used a standard Cheap Mont Blanc Ballpoint Pen "climate fingerprint" Ghd Straightener Sydney method to search for the model signal pattern (in response to human influences, the sun and volcanoes) in the satellite observations. The method quantifies the strength of the signal in observations, relative to the strength of the signal in natural climate noise. Met.
http://www.douxue.com.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=192150
http://galleri.kjerringoy.no/displayimage.php?album=155&pos=46
http://www.dailyqr.com/blog_entry.php?user=1547145&blogentry_id=35054759
http://fukustock.com/viewtopic.php?pid=4290664#p4290664
http://58.222.207.146/E_GuestBook.asp |
